North Carolina EMT State Practice Exam 2026 – 400 Free Practice Questions to Pass the Exam

Cardiac output (CO) is a crucial parameter in understanding cardiovascular function, especially in the context of shock treatment. It refers to the amount of blood that the heart pumps in one minute, which is essential for ensuring that adequate oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the body's tissues.

The correct approach to calculating cardiac output is to multiply heart rate (HR) by stroke volume (SV). Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per minute, while stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat. When these two factors are combined—by multiplication—you get the total volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute, which represents the cardiac output.

This formula is particularly important because it allows healthcare providers to assess the efficiency of the heart, especially in patients experiencing shock, where maintaining proper blood flow can be critical for survival. Understanding this calculation helps EMTs and other medical professionals take timely and effective interventions during emergencies.